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Great Peshtigo Fire : ウィキペディア英語版
Peshtigo Fire

The Peshtigo Fire was a forest fire that took place on October 8, 1871 in and around Peshtigo, Wisconsin. It was a firestorm that caused the most deaths by fire in United States history, with estimated deaths of around 1,500 people, possibly as many as 2,500.〔Scott Knickelbine, ''The Great Peshtigo Fire: Stories and Science from America's Deadliest Firestorm''. Madison, WI: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2012.〕 Occurring on the same day as the more famous Great Chicago Fire, the Peshtigo Fire has been largely forgotten.〔Christine Gibson. (Our 10 Greatest Natural Disasters )," ''American Heritage'', (August/September 2006).〕〔John Gordon. Steele. "(Forgotten Fury )," ''American Heritage'', (April/May 2003). Retrieved 7-29-2010.〕 On the same day as the Peshtigo and Chicago fires, the cities of Holland and Manistee, Michigan, across Lake Michigan, also burned and the same fate befell Port Huron at the southern end of Lake Huron as well.
==Firestorm==
The setting of small fires was a common way to clear forest land for farming and railroad construction. On the day of the Peshtigo Fire, a cold front moved in from the west, bringing strong winds that fanned the fires out of control and escalated them to massive proportions. A firestorm ensued. In the words of Gess and Lutz, in a firestorm "superheated flames of at least 2,000 degrees Fahrenheit ... advance on winds of 110 miles per hour or stronger. The diameter of such a fire ranges from one thousand to ten thousand feet.... When a firestorm erupts in a forest, it is a blowup, nature's nuclear explosion...."〔 By the time it was over, 1,875 square miles (4,860 km² or 1.2 million acres) of forest had been consumed, an area approximately twice the size of Rhode Island. Some sources list 1.5 million acres (6,100 km²) burned. Twelve communities were destroyed. An accurate death toll has never been determined because local records were destroyed in the fire. Between 1,200 and 2,500 people are thought to have lost their lives. The 1873 Report to the Wisconsin Legislature listed 1,182 names of deceased or missing residents. In 1870, the Town of Peshtigo had 1,749 residents.〔United States Census Bureau. ''(The Statistics of the Population of the United States ... Compiled, from the Original Returns of the Ninth Census (June 1, 1870) )'', Vol. 1. Washington, DC: G.P.O., 1872, p. 292.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=1870 Federal Census of town of Peshtigo )〕 More than 350 bodies were buried in a mass grave,〔registered historic marker (), dated 1951, accessed August 26, 2007〕 primarily because so many had died that no one remained alive who could identify many of them.
The fire jumped across the Peshtigo River and burned on both sides of the inlet town. Survivors reported that the firestorm generated a fire whirl (described as a tornado) that threw rail cars and houses into the air. Many escaped the flames by immersing themselves in the Peshtigo River, wells, or other nearby bodies of water. Some drowned while others succumbed to hypothermia in the frigid river. The Green Island Light was kept lit during the day because of the obscuring smoke, but the three-masted schooner ''George L. Newman'' was wrecked offshore, although the crew was rescued.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Green Island Lighthouse )
At the same time, another fire burned parts of the Door Peninsula; because of the coincidence, some incorrectly assumed that the fire had jumped across the waters of Green Bay.〔Watson, Benjamin A. 1993. ''(Acts of God: The Old Farmer's Almanac Unpredictable Guide to Weather and Natural Disasters )''. New York: Random House, p. 106.〕 In Robinsonville (now Champion) on the Door Peninsula, Sister Adele Brise and other nuns, farmers, and families fled to a local chapel for protection. There they participated in prayers and devotions to the Virgin Mary. Although the chapel was surrounded by flames, it survived.〔("Shrine escaped devastation of Peshtigo Fire" ), ''The Compass'', February 17, 2011. Retrieved October 8, 2013.〕〔("Robinsonville: A Wisconsin Shrine of Mary" ), ''Catholic Herald'', Milwaukee, Wisconsin, May 23, 1935. Retrieved October 8, 2013.〕〔Shrine of Our Lady of Good Help. ("Troubles and Miracles" ). Retrieved October 8, 2013.〕 Those gathered at the chapel considered their survival a miracle.〔

抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)
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